Molecular Cell Biology and Comparative Genomics Of Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia In Relation To Evolution Of Cytoskeletal Proteins and Membrane-bounded Compartments. Planctomycetes and verrucomicrobia are evolutionarily distinct groups of bacteria which possess unusual cell structure and which share some significant genes important in cell biology with eukaryotes e.g. in verrucomicrobia the cytoskeleton protein tubulin. These bacteria are important for understanding the transition from no ....Molecular Cell Biology and Comparative Genomics Of Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia In Relation To Evolution Of Cytoskeletal Proteins and Membrane-bounded Compartments. Planctomycetes and verrucomicrobia are evolutionarily distinct groups of bacteria which possess unusual cell structure and which share some significant genes important in cell biology with eukaryotes e.g. in verrucomicrobia the cytoskeleton protein tubulin. These bacteria are important for understanding the transition from non-nucleated cells with simple cell division to nucleated cells with chromosome separation via cytoskeletal protein movement.The project will compare genomes of of planctomycetes and verrucomicrobia to determine their relationship, determine whether the tubulin homolog of verrucomicrobia can form cytoskeleton structures, and characterize the cytoskeleton of ammonium-oxidizing planctomycetes used in wastewater treatment.Read moreRead less
Chromera velia - a new organism for understanding malaria and related parasitic diseases. Malaria and related parasitic diseases cause millions of deaths annually. Chromera velia is a recently discovered organism that was isolated from Australian corals and is the closest known relative to these parasites. Chromera is able to photosynthesis and live in the absence of a host, making it an excellent organism for developing antimalarial drugs. In this project we will determine key features of Chro ....Chromera velia - a new organism for understanding malaria and related parasitic diseases. Malaria and related parasitic diseases cause millions of deaths annually. Chromera velia is a recently discovered organism that was isolated from Australian corals and is the closest known relative to these parasites. Chromera is able to photosynthesis and live in the absence of a host, making it an excellent organism for developing antimalarial drugs. In this project we will determine key features of Chromera ecology, morphology, genetics and biochemistry. The resulting data will allow us to exploit Chromera as a model for developing anti-parasitic drugs and for understanding parasite evolution. Read moreRead less
Nuclear structure and function in the nucleated planctomycete bacterium Gemmata obscuriglobus: a third cell plan for living organisms? The project will contribute knowledge of how cells such as those of animals and plants evolved from bacterial components. Origins of cell nuclei and pores in nuclear membranes will be studied via the simple eukaryote-like nucleus of the planctomycete Gemmata obscuriglobus, from Australian freshwater. Simple nuclear pore-like structures of G. obscuriglobus will he ....Nuclear structure and function in the nucleated planctomycete bacterium Gemmata obscuriglobus: a third cell plan for living organisms? The project will contribute knowledge of how cells such as those of animals and plants evolved from bacterial components. Origins of cell nuclei and pores in nuclear membranes will be studied via the simple eukaryote-like nucleus of the planctomycete Gemmata obscuriglobus, from Australian freshwater. Simple nuclear pore-like structures of G. obscuriglobus will help understanding nucleus function in animal cells, and such pores will give insight into 'minimal' composition needed for cell nuclei, and allow design of biological nanopores. The origin of the nucleus is a major problem in biology, and an Australian contribution to its solution will achieve international recognition. Read moreRead less
Quantum Dot Nanocrystals: Smart Materials for Microbiology. Quantum dots were originally developed for computers but have many advantages over fluorescent dyes currently in use. They can be coupled to larger structures and a excitation with a laser allows simultaneous multiple analyses ("multiplexing"). We propose to adapt these structures for use in microbial ecology because this field is one of the least understood areas in biology. The technology we will develop will have far broader uses, a ....Quantum Dot Nanocrystals: Smart Materials for Microbiology. Quantum dots were originally developed for computers but have many advantages over fluorescent dyes currently in use. They can be coupled to larger structures and a excitation with a laser allows simultaneous multiple analyses ("multiplexing"). We propose to adapt these structures for use in microbial ecology because this field is one of the least understood areas in biology. The technology we will develop will have far broader uses, and will create new diagnostic tools for monitoring and understanding microbial ecosystems would be invaluable in a number of fields. Examples are medical diagnostics, waste-water treatment, bioremediation, food and agriculture, bioprotection and biodiscovery.Read moreRead less
The evolution of bacterial pathogenesis: a genomic approach. The outcome of this research will be a better understanding of the genes involved with adaptation to particular pathogenic lifestyles. Specifically, genes that are rapidly evolving in selected bacterial pathogens of medical and veterinary importance will be identified using a bioinformatics approach that exploits the existence of multiple closely-related genome sequences. Such genes encode potential new targets for therapeutic interv ....The evolution of bacterial pathogenesis: a genomic approach. The outcome of this research will be a better understanding of the genes involved with adaptation to particular pathogenic lifestyles. Specifically, genes that are rapidly evolving in selected bacterial pathogens of medical and veterinary importance will be identified using a bioinformatics approach that exploits the existence of multiple closely-related genome sequences. Such genes encode potential new targets for therapeutic intervention that provide alternatives in the face of emerging antibiotic resistance. Importantly, the methodology developed in this project is broadly applicable to the study of evolution of bacterial pathogenesis in any background: medical, agricultural or horticultural.Read moreRead less
Automated bioinformatic analysis of vertical and lateral gene transmission among microbial genomes. Genetic information is transmitted "vertically" from parents to offspring within species. Biologists have long assumed that this mechanism, extrapolated far into the past, explains the distribution of genes among genomes, thus the potential properties of all phenomes. But genome sequences show that some, perhaps many, genes have been transmitted "laterally" between species. We are building a uniqu ....Automated bioinformatic analysis of vertical and lateral gene transmission among microbial genomes. Genetic information is transmitted "vertically" from parents to offspring within species. Biologists have long assumed that this mechanism, extrapolated far into the past, explains the distribution of genes among genomes, thus the potential properties of all phenomes. But genome sequences show that some, perhaps many, genes have been transmitted "laterally" between species. We are building a unique automated computer-based system to find all instances of lateral transmission in all microbial genomes, using rigorous methods. Our results will be important both fundamentally and practically, e.g. in explaining sets and dynamics of phenomic traits, and quantifying background levels of "natural genetic engineering".Read moreRead less
Survival stategies and dynamics of stromatolite-associated microbial populations. Biogenic stromatolites are formed by the accretion of carbonates and entrapment of sediments by benthic cyanobacteria, algae and other microorganisms. Stromatolites have been present on Earth for more than three billion years and the biogeochemical processes involved in their formation are indicators of the earliest life on this planet. The applicant proposes to study, at the level of molecular genetics, the divers ....Survival stategies and dynamics of stromatolite-associated microbial populations. Biogenic stromatolites are formed by the accretion of carbonates and entrapment of sediments by benthic cyanobacteria, algae and other microorganisms. Stromatolites have been present on Earth for more than three billion years and the biogeochemical processes involved in their formation are indicators of the earliest life on this planet. The applicant proposes to study, at the level of molecular genetics, the diversity of stromatolite-associated microorganisms. The defined microbial populations will be correlated with the prevailing environmental conditions to elucidate the effect of biological and physical factors in determining stromatolite structure.Read moreRead less
Cultivating numerically significant soil bacteria. The vast majority of soil bacteria have not been able to be studied in the laboratory because they cannot be grown outside the soil. They are therefore termed unculturable. Most of these belong to groups that are completely unstudied. Advances made in the Janssen lab have overcome this impediment to laboratory cultivation of numerically abundant and globally distributed soil bacteria. This project will develop these advances to generate simple a ....Cultivating numerically significant soil bacteria. The vast majority of soil bacteria have not been able to be studied in the laboratory because they cannot be grown outside the soil. They are therefore termed unculturable. Most of these belong to groups that are completely unstudied. Advances made in the Janssen lab have overcome this impediment to laboratory cultivation of numerically abundant and globally distributed soil bacteria. This project will develop these advances to generate simple and widely applicable methods to enable many of the previously unculturable soil bacteria to be studied. This will allow assessments of their ecological roles and biotechnological potentials to be made.Read moreRead less
The evolution of diverse interactions between Wolbachia bacteria and their invertebrate hosts: insights from a novel lineage infecting termite societies. Wolbachia intracellular bacteria are widespread in invertebrates, having evolved a remarkable range of host-interactions, from parasitic to mutualistic. I have discovered phylogenetically novel Wolbachia that infect the structural pests termites, and will investigate their host-effects and transmission dynamics. This will determine the generali ....The evolution of diverse interactions between Wolbachia bacteria and their invertebrate hosts: insights from a novel lineage infecting termite societies. Wolbachia intracellular bacteria are widespread in invertebrates, having evolved a remarkable range of host-interactions, from parasitic to mutualistic. I have discovered phylogenetically novel Wolbachia that infect the structural pests termites, and will investigate their host-effects and transmission dynamics. This will determine the generality of phenomena known from other Wolbachia, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility and horizontal transfer. The complexity of termite societies make them interesting candidates for studying how Wolbachia spread, and the results will be potentially valuable for future termite control strategies. The first comparative phylogenetic examination of diverse Wolbachia will be performed, providing new perspectives on their evolutionary history.Read moreRead less