Engineer enzyme nanoparticles as antibiotic alternatives for agriculture. Antibiotic usage in agriculture contributes to spread of resistant bacteria. Existing antibiotic alternatives to minimize such usage are focused on growth promotion of animals and infection prevention, but lack efficient treatment. This project aims to engineer enzyme nanoparticles, with synergy from multiple enzymes, to confer better antibacterial abilities against livestock pathogens. It will combine protein engineering, ....Engineer enzyme nanoparticles as antibiotic alternatives for agriculture. Antibiotic usage in agriculture contributes to spread of resistant bacteria. Existing antibiotic alternatives to minimize such usage are focused on growth promotion of animals and infection prevention, but lack efficient treatment. This project aims to engineer enzyme nanoparticles, with synergy from multiple enzymes, to confer better antibacterial abilities against livestock pathogens. It will combine protein engineering, nanotechnology and biophysics to develop new enzyme nanoparticles that can be manufactured at low-cost through self-assembly process. The intended outcome is knowledge on molecular engineering of enzyme nanoparticles and innovative agriculture biotechnology for treatment of bacterial infectious diseases in livestock.Read moreRead less
Practical strategies for engineering the CO2-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, whose subunits are encoded in different subcellular compartments. My recent replacement of the plant CO2-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, with a less efficient bacterial version, with a single type of subunit encoded by a single gene, demonstrated the feasibility of replacing Rubisco. This encourages ongoing attempts to replace plant Rubisco with more efficient versions that would allow the plants to grow with less water, fertiliser or ....Practical strategies for engineering the CO2-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, whose subunits are encoded in different subcellular compartments. My recent replacement of the plant CO2-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, with a less efficient bacterial version, with a single type of subunit encoded by a single gene, demonstrated the feasibility of replacing Rubisco. This encourages ongoing attempts to replace plant Rubisco with more efficient versions that would allow the plants to grow with less water, fertiliser or light. The most efficient Rubiscos are more complex, with two different types of subunits which, in plants, are encoded in different subcellular compartments (nucleus and plastid). This proposal addresses the challenges associated with complementary engineering both genomes to substitute foreign Rubiscos into higher-plant chloroplasts.Read moreRead less
The study of wear debris using advanced technologies. A large portion of the operating cost of machinery is associated with wear due to the interaction between moving surfaces, which generates wear particles as by-products. The wear particles thus carry information regarding the wearing process, and can be used to assess the machine's condition and further facilitate failure prediction and minimise maintenance. This project will explore the mechanisms and possible influence of corrosion on the w ....The study of wear debris using advanced technologies. A large portion of the operating cost of machinery is associated with wear due to the interaction between moving surfaces, which generates wear particles as by-products. The wear particles thus carry information regarding the wearing process, and can be used to assess the machine's condition and further facilitate failure prediction and minimise maintenance. This project will explore the mechanisms and possible influence of corrosion on the wearing process. A new methodology will be developed to quantify the wearing process. This research will significantly advance our understanding with respect to wear and provide innovative means for identifying wear mechanisms/phases.Read moreRead less
Synthesis and assembly of bacterial repeat unit polysaccharides. Bacteria make an enormous range of surface polysaccharides. The complexity was first appreciated as antigenic diversity, but we now have hundreds of chemical structures and perhaps a hundred sequences of their gene clusters, but the number in nature must be many thousands. Our knowledge of gene function is growing but is not keeping up with the discovery of new sequences and structures. The aim is to determine structure and functio ....Synthesis and assembly of bacterial repeat unit polysaccharides. Bacteria make an enormous range of surface polysaccharides. The complexity was first appreciated as antigenic diversity, but we now have hundreds of chemical structures and perhaps a hundred sequences of their gene clusters, but the number in nature must be many thousands. Our knowledge of gene function is growing but is not keeping up with the discovery of new sequences and structures. The aim is to determine structure and function of key O antigen processing genes and the functions of a range of glycosyl transferases, and to use the information to generate novel gene clusters to synthesise novel polysaccharidesRead moreRead less
Elucidation of bacterial glycosylytransferase specificity. The benefits are involvement in the growth area of polysaccharide research, with potential for major industrial spin off. Polysaccharides are critical in all organisms as signalling, structural and storage compounds. Bacteria make a wide variety with extensive use of unusual sugars, some with uses from oil emulsifiers to food thickeners. The project is on the enzymes that assemble bacterial polysaccharides. We are world leaders in genet ....Elucidation of bacterial glycosylytransferase specificity. The benefits are involvement in the growth area of polysaccharide research, with potential for major industrial spin off. Polysaccharides are critical in all organisms as signalling, structural and storage compounds. Bacteria make a wide variety with extensive use of unusual sugars, some with uses from oil emulsifiers to food thickeners. The project is on the enzymes that assemble bacterial polysaccharides. We are world leaders in genetics of the gene clusters especially synthesis of the unusual sugars. We now aim to fill a major gap by determining which enzymes make which bonds, leading to options for new gene combinations and novel structures. We have a lead in research in this area and Australia gains if we maintain that lead.Read moreRead less
Fires of pesticides: New source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in the environment. This project will quantify the emission of carcinogenic pollutants, produced as a consequence of intended and unintended combustion of pesticides and pesticide-contaminated biomass. The project will identify specific pesticides and agricultural practices (such as burning of sugar cane prior to harvest or burning biomass contaminated with pesticides for energy recovery) which may b ....Fires of pesticides: New source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in the environment. This project will quantify the emission of carcinogenic pollutants, produced as a consequence of intended and unintended combustion of pesticides and pesticide-contaminated biomass. The project will identify specific pesticides and agricultural practices (such as burning of sugar cane prior to harvest or burning biomass contaminated with pesticides for energy recovery) which may become regulated in Australia. The research will benefit Australia socially, by reducing the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and thus protecting the environment and the population, and economically by identifying pesticides that do not produce pollutants in combustion processes and thus do not contaminate biomass intended for energy recovery.Read moreRead less
Epigenetic and biomarker approaches to improving dairy cow fertility. The dairy industry will not deliver sustainable higher productivity unless the reproductive performance of dairy cows is significantly improved. This expected outcome will be achieved via the identification of epigenetic and protein biomarkers of improved fertility that will be used to develop superior breeding stock. Caruncular and intercaruncular tissues and blood have been obtained from both fertile (New Zealand Holstein-Fr ....Epigenetic and biomarker approaches to improving dairy cow fertility. The dairy industry will not deliver sustainable higher productivity unless the reproductive performance of dairy cows is significantly improved. This expected outcome will be achieved via the identification of epigenetic and protein biomarkers of improved fertility that will be used to develop superior breeding stock. Caruncular and intercaruncular tissues and blood have been obtained from both fertile (New Zealand Holstein-Friesian) and sub-fertile (North American Holstein-Friesian) cows within pasture-based dairying systems that include seasonal calving and subclinical uterine inflammation (associated with poor reproductive performance). Determinations will be conducted using deep parallel (next generation) sequencing and mass spectrometry.Read moreRead less
Optimum design of hydraulic structures in rural and urban Australia: dealing with floods and droughts. Australia's long-term forecast suggests the occurrence of longer and more frequent droughts, and more intense flood events. The project will study the fundamental hydrodynamic processes in hydraulic structures and aims to develop new innovative designs derived from process based approach for optimum operation in rural and urban Australia.
Can efficient algal variants of the photosynthetic CO2-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, be folded and assembled in functional forms in higher-plant plastids? We have shown that it is possible to alter the photosynthetic phenotype of a plant predictably and profoundly by engineering the plastid genome to replace the plant's CO2-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, with a bacterial homolog. Thus it may be possible to replace the plant enzyme with more efficient algal Rubiscos that would allow plants to grow with less l ....Can efficient algal variants of the photosynthetic CO2-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, be folded and assembled in functional forms in higher-plant plastids? We have shown that it is possible to alter the photosynthetic phenotype of a plant predictably and profoundly by engineering the plastid genome to replace the plant's CO2-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, with a bacterial homolog. Thus it may be possible to replace the plant enzyme with more efficient algal Rubiscos that would allow plants to grow with less light, less water or less fertiliser. Before such desirable changes to the plant phenotype can be realised, some complex issues of modification, folding and assembly of Rubisco subunits need to be resolved. This proposal addresses them.Read moreRead less
Vibro-acoustic communication in termites. Termites can affect any Australian: one third of all Australian homes are likely to be infested by termites during their lifespan, costing a damage bill of A$780 million annually. Despite this level of damage, our understanding of the underlying foraging behaviour of termites is poor. Termites, being blind, cannot use visual cues and chemical cues are insufficient to explain observed phenomena. Our preliminary work has identified vibro-acoustic signal ....Vibro-acoustic communication in termites. Termites can affect any Australian: one third of all Australian homes are likely to be infested by termites during their lifespan, costing a damage bill of A$780 million annually. Despite this level of damage, our understanding of the underlying foraging behaviour of termites is poor. Termites, being blind, cannot use visual cues and chemical cues are insufficient to explain observed phenomena. Our preliminary work has identified vibro-acoustic signals used for information gathering and communication in foraging. The project aims to study vibro-acoustic mechanisms for communication in termite foraging behaviour. Anticipated outcomes include a significant impact on termite control.Read moreRead less