Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism In Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas As A Novel Therapeutic Strategy
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$607,796.00
Summary
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) represents the most aggressive cancer of childhood, with no effective treatments available, and almost all children dying within one year of diagnosis. We have successfully grown the first DIPG cells in the laboratory and found a new approach to attack them, by specifically targeting the cell's power source - the mitochondria. We will build on these findings and develop this treatment strategy with the aim to make this novel therapy available to children w ....Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) represents the most aggressive cancer of childhood, with no effective treatments available, and almost all children dying within one year of diagnosis. We have successfully grown the first DIPG cells in the laboratory and found a new approach to attack them, by specifically targeting the cell's power source - the mitochondria. We will build on these findings and develop this treatment strategy with the aim to make this novel therapy available to children with this deadly disease.Read moreRead less
An Investigation Of Sound Processing Mechanisms In Auditory Brainstem Circuits.
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$85,545.00
Summary
The human brain includes components which receive certain nerve signals from the ear which allow an individual to listen to speech while ignoring background noise. The current bionic ear does not accurately re-create these signals. This project is aimed at improving the bionic ear by using mathematical models to understand the way our brains process sounds.
An Integrated Psychoacoustic And High-field FMRI Study Of Auditory Temporal Processsing Dysfunction In Schiophrenia.
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$306,000.00
Summary
This research seeks to improve our understanding of the causes of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. This chronic and debilitating psychiatric disorder is usually accompanied by dramatic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia and disordered patterns of thinking. Based on our interpretation of evidence from a number of fields of schizophrenia research we suspect that the brain dysfunction in schizophrenia may not in the brain areas responsible for those dramatic symptoms but occurs ....This research seeks to improve our understanding of the causes of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. This chronic and debilitating psychiatric disorder is usually accompanied by dramatic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia and disordered patterns of thinking. Based on our interpretation of evidence from a number of fields of schizophrenia research we suspect that the brain dysfunction in schizophrenia may not in the brain areas responsible for those dramatic symptoms but occurs initially in the very basic sensory regions of the brain. These regions can be thought of as providing the building blocks of our perceptions, that ultimately allow us to see, hear, smell and feel. Our previous research shows that people with schizophrenia have a very specific problem in the way that they perceive sounds. Using measures of brain activity, people with schizophrenia show consistent evidence that their brains do not process some of the timing information contained in sound. This is not the same as saying that people with schizophrenia are deaf, the deficits we see are much more subtle. It's a bit like the chaos theory analogy of a butterfly fluttering in Brazil and causing a typhoon in China. We think that very small alterations in brain activity in the initial stages of sensory processing can cascade through successively more complex stages of the brain, eventually creating the psychotic storm that becomes evident as the primary symptoms of schizophrenia. The brain regions we are interested in are located down at the base of the brain, in the brainstem, and it is only recently that the technology and methods of analysis we need to look at this activity have been developed. In this research we will be using functional magnetic resonance imaging and sophisticated hearing tests to examine whether these brain regions show the alterations we expect. If so, this will mean that the brain dysfunction in schizophrenia is quite different to what is currently believed.Read moreRead less
Extraction Of Key Features Of Natural Speech By Ventral Cochlear Nucleus Neurons
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$225,330.00
Summary
Little is known about how speech is processed and transformed by the central auditory pathway, and how the critical temporal and spectral features that identify a speech sound segment (a phoneme) are extracted. To date, most studies have approached this issue by using synthetic speech and examined the responses of the peripheral auditory nerve only. The aim of this study is to examine how important features of naturally-spoken speech are encoded by the cochlear nucleus (CN) - the first station i ....Little is known about how speech is processed and transformed by the central auditory pathway, and how the critical temporal and spectral features that identify a speech sound segment (a phoneme) are extracted. To date, most studies have approached this issue by using synthetic speech and examined the responses of the peripheral auditory nerve only. The aim of this study is to examine how important features of naturally-spoken speech are encoded by the cochlear nucleus (CN) - the first station in the auditory pathway located in the brainstem. The CN is a complex of different cell types that have the capacity to transmit, transform, and encode complex acoustic information in different ways. The proposed experiments involve recording the bioelectrical signal from single CN cells in anaesthetised rats while presenting naturally-spoken syllables, both in quiet and in the presence of noise. It is important to examine what happens to the neural responses in the latter condition, because all animals must cope with the problem of extracting important signals from background noise. While noise clearly interferes with the perception of another sound, the auditory system is in fact quite good at extracting signals in the presence of noise. This is well demonstrated by our ability to understand speech in the presence of quite high noise levels. This ability is severely degraded in the hearing impaired. Thus, one of the aims of this study is to examine the mechanisms and limits of the CN's ability to encode speech in a noisy background. A greater understanding of the mechanisms the nervous system uses to extract critical features of speech will not only build on our knowledge of auditory brainstem processes, but may also provide clues to improving processing strategies for cochlear implants.Read moreRead less
The key to how the brain works lies in its capacity to modify the strength of its connections. During development, input to the brain from our sensory organs shapes the properties of synaptic contacts and target neurons. This project is aimed at understanding the pathways in the brain related to our sense of hearing, and discovering what is different about these pathways in congenital deafness, where the brain does not receive the appropriate signals during development.
The brain exerts a restraining influence over the heartbeat via the vagus nerves. This is known as cardiac vagal ‘tone’. It is strong when we are healthy but weak when we are sick. It has a positive influence on the health of the heart and perhaps the body generally. Vagal tone comes from the brain but, despite over 150 years’ research, nobody knows exactly where. Using a novel technique, we can track down its origins. This important basic knowledge may lead to ways to improve health.