Clinical Genetic Phenotyping Of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$582,114.00
Summary
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have difficulty with communication, social interaction and intellectual disability. The cause is generally not known although most cases have a genetic basis involving multiple genes and possibly environmental factors. We will study families of children with ASD and carefully characterize features related to ASD in family members. This will help us to understand how ASD is inherited and serve as the basis for the discovery of autism genes.
The Role Of The Posterior Cingulate Cortex In Verbal Associative Learning
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$146,500.00
Summary
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique which utilises differences between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to identify regions which are active when the brain is performing a task. This enables us to determine the regions of the brain which are involved in performing different functions. The brain regions supporting memory and learning functions include the hippocampus, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and the frontal lobes. Research has already established the importa ....Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique which utilises differences between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to identify regions which are active when the brain is performing a task. This enables us to determine the regions of the brain which are involved in performing different functions. The brain regions supporting memory and learning functions include the hippocampus, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and the frontal lobes. Research has already established the importance of the hippocampus in memory and learning. However, the exact role of the PCC and the interaction between the PCC and other memory regions remains unclear. This study will use fMRI to investigate the role of the PCC in memory and learning. Specifically, we will compare the activity associated with performance of a difficult memory task and an easier memory task in healthy subjects. The study will then be repeated in patients sustaining damage to the hippocampus. This part of the study will allow us to see how the PCC adapts to disease in the memory system. The results of this study will further clarify the role of the PCC in memory and learning. In addition, this work may be of great importance in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with memory disorders.Read moreRead less
Behavioural And Neuropsychiatric Aspects Of Transition To Severe Conduct Disorder In Adolescence.
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$343,100.00
Summary
Conduct disorder represents an enormous cost to Australian society directly via the mental health and forensic systems, and indirect costs via its associations with other mental health problems, relationship problems, impaired social functioning, and substance use problems. Behavioural-family-based treatment have good success rates with young children with cooperative parents, however, there are a minority who progress to chronic problems despite this. Risk and resilience factors identifying chr ....Conduct disorder represents an enormous cost to Australian society directly via the mental health and forensic systems, and indirect costs via its associations with other mental health problems, relationship problems, impaired social functioning, and substance use problems. Behavioural-family-based treatment have good success rates with young children with cooperative parents, however, there are a minority who progress to chronic problems despite this. Risk and resilience factors identifying chronic patterns in early childhood are the key to early intervention. In previous research, this research team showed for the first time that callous-unemotional traits, a feature of chronic psychopathy, could be measured in children as young as 4 years, and was predictive of a range of negative outcomes. However, it was also found that the key neuropsychiatric markers characteristic of psychopathy, including reward dominance-punishment insensitivity and deficits in affective empathy, did not exist in conduct problem children prior to adolescence. Around the time of puberty, it appears that important changes occur in cognitive-affective processing styles that are associated with the adult form of psychopathy and antisocial behaviour. Thus, this research raises critical questions about the development of severe antisocial behaviour (or psychopathy) through the childhood to adolescent years. Our evidence indicates that early adolecence may be the period when intrapsychological characteristics representing chronic risk become concrete. The current research will be the first to map the development common neuropsychiatric markers (affective empathy, punishment insensitivity) of severe antisocial processes through the late childhood-adolescent period. The findings will have clear implications for models of antisocial behaviour and clinical approaches to working with conduct problem children and adolescents.Read moreRead less