Autism and its milder forms affect approximately 6 per 1,000 children. The biological basis of the disorder is unknown, so considerable research is being invested in identifying cognitive processes that are atypical in children with autism because this may help identify key areas of the brain affected by the disorder. This research has established that children with autism often outperform their typically developing peers on tasks that require detailed analysis of visual information. In contrast ....Autism and its milder forms affect approximately 6 per 1,000 children. The biological basis of the disorder is unknown, so considerable research is being invested in identifying cognitive processes that are atypical in children with autism because this may help identify key areas of the brain affected by the disorder. This research has established that children with autism often outperform their typically developing peers on tasks that require detailed analysis of visual information. In contrast, visual tasks that require integrating information often reveal impaired performance in children with autism. Human vision is achieved through two pathways in the brain - a dorsal pathway most responsive to changing (e.g. moving or flickering) stimuli and a ventral pathway most responsive to enduring stimulus features (e.g. colour, pattern). Increasingly complex visual processing is achieved at higher levels in each pathway through integrating information from lower levels. One objective of our work is to identify which levels of processing in each of the dorsal and ventral pathways show atypical functioning (either enhanced or impaired) in autism. We will do this using tasks designed to establish thresholds for different perceptual judgements, such as identifying patterns in a field of dots. Children with autism will be compared to typically developing children and also to children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). This will enable us to establish whether the same profile of strengths and weaknesses in perception and cognition are observed in autism and SLI, or whether they can be distinguished on this basis. The significance of the work is that it will advance considerably the understanding of atypical visual processing in autism and SLI. Also, by identifying perceptual and cognitive differences in children with autism, we may be able to develop tests to identify infants affected by the disorder and commence remediation at an early age.Read moreRead less
Investigations Into The Onset And Persistence Of Severe Health Anxiety (hypochondriasis), And The Development Of Innovative Psychological Interventions
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$313,096.00
Summary
This program of research will investigate the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural factors that are involved in the onset and persistence of severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis). It will also test the effectiveness of innovative psychological interventions for the disorder.
The Roles Of Lipoprotein Multigene Families In Pathogenesis Of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$257,036.00
Summary
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of community acquired pneumonia. Although it can usually be successfully treated with antibiotics, it can result in more severe diseases and can be difficult to diagnose accurately. It has been identified as a target for vaccine development, but this has been hampered by the limited understanding we have of how it causes disease. The attempts at vaccination that have been made have resulted in vaccines which induced more severe, rather than ....Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of community acquired pneumonia. Although it can usually be successfully treated with antibiotics, it can result in more severe diseases and can be difficult to diagnose accurately. It has been identified as a target for vaccine development, but this has been hampered by the limited understanding we have of how it causes disease. The attempts at vaccination that have been made have resulted in vaccines which induced more severe, rather than less severe, disease. Investigations of several other related bacteria have shown that they are able to vary their surface proteins and thus may evade the immune system, permitting them to cause more prolonged disease. Better understanding how this occurs, and what this enables the bacteria to do, may assist in developing improved vaccine strategies. This project aims to investigate the six gene families in Mycoplasma pneumoniae which are known to encode surface proteins and establish how and why the bacteria switch from one gene to another during infection. In addition the capacity of bacteria expressing different versions of the six surface proteins to adhere to different tissues will be investigated. Once this is known, these mechanisms may be able to be specifically disrupted to prevent a strain of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from being able to establish prolonged infections. Such a strain might be a useful basis for an effective vaccine.Read moreRead less
Cognitive Factors In Youth That Increase Vulnerability To Social Phobia
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$313,976.00
Summary
I am a psychologist focused on identifying the patterns of thinking of young people that make them vulnerable to developing a chronic and debilitating anxiety disorder known as social phobia. To do this, I will measure a range of thinking patterns of a sample of youth over time, and see which patterns are characteristic of those individuals who do develop social phobia. By identifying these particular thinking patterns, we will be able to identify youth who need preventative interventions.
The Role Of Learning In The Development, Maintenance, And Treatment Of Paediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$189,604.00
Summary
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children is a severely debilitating mental health problem affecting between 0.5 and 1% of the population at any point in time. Children with OCD frequently experience high functional impairment as a result of their symptoms, including deteriorating school performance and poor peer relationships. Family life is often disrupted, causing significant distress and hardship to parents and siblings. However, little research attention has been paid to how families ....Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children is a severely debilitating mental health problem affecting between 0.5 and 1% of the population at any point in time. Children with OCD frequently experience high functional impairment as a result of their symptoms, including deteriorating school performance and poor peer relationships. Family life is often disrupted, causing significant distress and hardship to parents and siblings. However, little research attention has been paid to how families affect and are affected by this disabling condition. This research examines the role of learning in the development, maintenance and treatment of OCD. Specifically, the study aims to: 1. explore the way in which children with OCD process threatening information 2. investigate the influence of parents on children's processing of OCD-relevant information 3. develop and implement the world's first randomised control trial of cognitive-behavioural plus parent training (CBT + PT) for childhood OCD 4. evaluate parent-assisted treatment in comparison to a standard cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT) and a placebo control 5. examine the long-term maintenance of each type of treatment The outcomes of this project will be: 1. an improved understanding of OCD in children, and their families 2. an increased knowledge of the relationship between parenting processes and OCD symptomatology 3. the development and dissemination of an evidence-based treatment for childhood OCDRead moreRead less
Molecular Pharmacology Of Beta Adrenoreceptors In Multiple Disease States
Funder
National Health and Medical Research Council
Funding Amount
$578,812.00
Summary
Obesity is a major and increasing health concern for almost half the adult population, and is associated with serious medical conditions including diabetes and heart disease. Changes in behaviour such as increasing physical activity and eating less high-calorie food help many people reduce their body weight, however many others have a genetic predisposition to become overweight and behavioural measures are ineffective. Although anti-obesity drugs should be a valuable adjunct to lifestyle changes ....Obesity is a major and increasing health concern for almost half the adult population, and is associated with serious medical conditions including diabetes and heart disease. Changes in behaviour such as increasing physical activity and eating less high-calorie food help many people reduce their body weight, however many others have a genetic predisposition to become overweight and behavioural measures are ineffective. Although anti-obesity drugs should be a valuable adjunct to lifestyle changes, the currently available appetite suppressants are not ideal. Our work involves studying particular cell-surface proteins (receptors) which normally respond to hormones such as adrenaline. The beta(3)-adrenergic receptor is known to mediate the breakdown of fats and increased heat production in adipose tissue and possibly muscle. Administration of beta(3)-selective drugs to obese mice promotes weight loss and a reduction of diabetic symptoms, and a number of drugs targetting the human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor are being developed by pharmaceutical companies. We are trying to understand more about the properties of this receptor, as this information will assist in designing drugs which are more selective and more potent. Sometimes drugs act at more than one receptor, and there is evidence that this may be the case for two drugs called CGP 12177 and BRL 37344 which stimulate the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor. The second major aim of our project is to find out whether these drugs act at a novel receptor which is related to the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor and also mediates energy expenditure and heat production in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. The discovery of a new receptor would provide additional scope for the development of effective anti-obesity treatments.Read moreRead less
Learning how people read: Models, brains, big data and maths. Aims: This project aims to understand how people read. We will use novel mathematical methods, experimentation, brain imaging and computational modelling to adjudicate between model predictions.
Significance: This project expects to develop methods to understand and test important aspects of reading.
Expected outcomes: Expected outcomes are the development of novel methods for understanding complex models and the collection of data t ....Learning how people read: Models, brains, big data and maths. Aims: This project aims to understand how people read. We will use novel mathematical methods, experimentation, brain imaging and computational modelling to adjudicate between model predictions.
Significance: This project expects to develop methods to understand and test important aspects of reading.
Expected outcomes: Expected outcomes are the development of novel methods for understanding complex models and the collection of data that can extend and falsify current models of reading.
Benefits: These developments will significantly increase our understanding of how people read and what causes dyslexia. This work will also provide new ways to evaluate complex computational psychological models.Read moreRead less